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You searched for: EV230850 (EV-TRACK ID)

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Experiment number
  • If needed, multiple experiments were identified in a single publication based on differing sample types, separation protocols and/or vesicle types of interest.
Species
  • Species of origin of the EVs.
Separation protocol
  • Gives a short, non-chronological overview of the different steps of the separation protocol.
    • (d)(U)C = (differential) (ultra)centrifugation
    • DG = density gradient
    • UF = ultrafiltration
    • SEC = size-exclusion chromatography
    • IAF = immuno-affinity capture
Details EV-TRACK ID Experiment nr. Species Sample type Separation protocol First author Year EV-METRIC
EV230850 1/6 Staphylococcus aureus MSSA476 (d)(U)C
DG
Filtration
Askarian F 2018 57%

Study summary

Full title
All authors
Askarian F, Lapek JD, Dongre M, Tsai CM, Kumaraswamy M, Kousha A, Valderrama JA, Ludviksen JA, Cavanagh JP, Uchiyama S, Mollnes TE, Gonzalez DJ, Wai SN, Nizet V, Johannessen M
Journal
Front Microbiol
Abstract
produces membrane-derived vesicles (MVs), which share functional properties to outer membrane vesicl (show more...)produces membrane-derived vesicles (MVs), which share functional properties to outer membrane vesicles. Atomic force microscopy revealed that -derived MVs are associated with the bacterial surface or released into the surrounding environment depending on bacterial growth conditions. By using a comparative proteomic approach, a total of 131 and 617 proteins were identified in MVs isolated from grown in Luria-Bertani and brain-heart infusion broth, respectively. Purified MVs derived from the bacteria grown in either media induced comparable levels of cytotoxicity and neutrophil-activation. Administration of exogenous MVs increased the resistance of to killing by whole blood or purified human neutrophils and increased survival . Finally, immunization of mice with -derived MVs induced production of IgM, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b resulting in protection against subcutaneous and systemic infection. Collectively, our results suggest MVs can influence bacterial-host interactions during systemic infections and provide protective immunity in murine models of infection. (hide)
EV-METRIC
57% (92nd percentile of all experiments on the same sample type)
 Reported
 Not reported
 Not applicable
EV-enriched proteins
Protein analysis: analysis of three or more EV-enriched proteins
non EV-enriched protein
Protein analysis: assessment of a non-EV-enriched protein
qualitative and quantitative analysis
Particle analysis: implementation of both qualitative and quantitative methods. For the quantitative method, the reporting of measured EV concentration is expected.
electron microscopy images
Particle analysis: inclusion of a widefield and close-up electron microscopy image
density gradient
Separation method: density gradient, at least as validation of results attributed to EVs
EV density
Separation method: reporting of obtained EV density
ultracentrifugation specifics
Separation method: reporting of g-forces, duration and rotor type of ultracentrifugation steps
antibody specifics
Protein analysis: antibody clone/reference number and dilution
lysate preparation
Protein analysis: lysis buffer composition
Study data
Sample type
Cell culture supernatant
Sample origin
Luria Bertani broth
Focus vesicles
MV (membrane-derived vesicle)
Separation protocol
Separation protocol
  • Gives a short, non-chronological overview of the
    different steps of the separation protocol.
    • dUC = (Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
    • DG = density gradient
    • UF = ultrafiltration
    • SEC = size-exclusion chromatography
    • IAF = immuno-affinity capture
(Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
Density gradient
Filtration
Protein markers
EV: None
non-EV: None
Proteomics
yes
Show all info
Study aim
Function
Sample
Species
Staphylococcus aureus
Sample Type
Cell culture supernatant
EV-producing cells
MSSA476
EV-harvesting Medium
Serum free medium
Separation Method
(Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
dUC: centrifugation steps
Between 800 g and 10,000 g
Between 100,000 g and 150,000 g
Pelleting performed
Yes
Pelleting: time(min)
180-240
Pelleting: rotor type
Type 45 Ti
Pelleting: speed (g)
100000
Wash: time (min)
180-240
Wash: speed (g)
100000
Density gradient
Only used for validation of main results
Yes
Type
Discontinuous
Number of initial discontinuous layers
7
Lowest density fraction
10%
Highest density fraction
45%
Total gradient volume, incl. sample (mL)
4,1 mL
Sample volume (mL)
0.4 mL
Orientation
Top­-down
Speed (g)
180000
Duration (min)
180
Fraction volume (mL)
0.2
Fraction processing
None
Filtration steps
0.22µm or 0.2µm
Characterization: Protein analysis
Protein Concentration Method
BCA
Proteomics database
No
Characterization: Lipid analysis
No
Characterization: Particle analysis
DLS
Report type
Mean
Reported size (nm)
46.6 +- 5.9
EM
EM-type
Atomic force microscopy
Image type
Close-up
EV230850 2/6 Staphylococcus aureus MSSA476 (d)(U)C
DG
Filtration
Askarian F 2018 57%

Study summary

Full title
All authors
Askarian F, Lapek JD, Dongre M, Tsai CM, Kumaraswamy M, Kousha A, Valderrama JA, Ludviksen JA, Cavanagh JP, Uchiyama S, Mollnes TE, Gonzalez DJ, Wai SN, Nizet V, Johannessen M
Journal
Front Microbiol
Abstract
produces membrane-derived vesicles (MVs), which share functional properties to outer membrane vesicl (show more...)produces membrane-derived vesicles (MVs), which share functional properties to outer membrane vesicles. Atomic force microscopy revealed that -derived MVs are associated with the bacterial surface or released into the surrounding environment depending on bacterial growth conditions. By using a comparative proteomic approach, a total of 131 and 617 proteins were identified in MVs isolated from grown in Luria-Bertani and brain-heart infusion broth, respectively. Purified MVs derived from the bacteria grown in either media induced comparable levels of cytotoxicity and neutrophil-activation. Administration of exogenous MVs increased the resistance of to killing by whole blood or purified human neutrophils and increased survival . Finally, immunization of mice with -derived MVs induced production of IgM, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b resulting in protection against subcutaneous and systemic infection. Collectively, our results suggest MVs can influence bacterial-host interactions during systemic infections and provide protective immunity in murine models of infection. (hide)
EV-METRIC
57% (92nd percentile of all experiments on the same sample type)
 Reported
 Not reported
 Not applicable
EV-enriched proteins
Protein analysis: analysis of three or more EV-enriched proteins
non EV-enriched protein
Protein analysis: assessment of a non-EV-enriched protein
qualitative and quantitative analysis
Particle analysis: implementation of both qualitative and quantitative methods. For the quantitative method, the reporting of measured EV concentration is expected.
electron microscopy images
Particle analysis: inclusion of a widefield and close-up electron microscopy image
density gradient
Separation method: density gradient, at least as validation of results attributed to EVs
EV density
Separation method: reporting of obtained EV density
ultracentrifugation specifics
Separation method: reporting of g-forces, duration and rotor type of ultracentrifugation steps
antibody specifics
Protein analysis: antibody clone/reference number and dilution
lysate preparation
Protein analysis: lysis buffer composition
Study data
Sample type
Cell culture supernatant
Sample origin
Brain-heart infusion broth
Focus vesicles
MV (membrane-derived vesicle)
Separation protocol
Separation protocol
  • Gives a short, non-chronological overview of the
    different steps of the separation protocol.
    • dUC = (Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
    • DG = density gradient
    • UF = ultrafiltration
    • SEC = size-exclusion chromatography
    • IAF = immuno-affinity capture
(Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
Density gradient
Filtration
Protein markers
EV: None
non-EV: None
Proteomics
yes
Show all info
Study aim
Function
Sample
Species
Staphylococcus aureus
Sample Type
Cell culture supernatant
EV-producing cells
MSSA476
EV-harvesting Medium
Serum free medium
Separation Method
(Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
dUC: centrifugation steps
Between 800 g and 10,000 g
Between 100,000 g and 150,000 g
Pelleting performed
Yes
Pelleting: time(min)
180-240
Pelleting: rotor type
Type 45 Ti
Pelleting: speed (g)
100000
Wash: time (min)
180-240
Wash: speed (g)
100000
Density gradient
Only used for validation of main results
Yes
Type
Discontinuous
Number of initial discontinuous layers
7
Lowest density fraction
10%
Highest density fraction
45%
Total gradient volume, incl. sample (mL)
4,1 mL
Sample volume (mL)
0.4 mL
Orientation
Top­-down
Speed (g)
180000
Duration (min)
180
Fraction volume (mL)
0.2
Fraction processing
None
Filtration steps
0.22µm or 0.2µm
Characterization: Protein analysis
Protein Concentration Method
BCA
Proteomics database
No
Characterization: Lipid analysis
No
Characterization: Particle analysis
DLS
Report type
Mean
Reported size (nm)
24.4 +- 2.8
EM
EM-type
Atomic force microscopy
Image type
Close-up
EV230850 3/6 Staphylococcus aureus USA300 MRSA (d)(U)C
Filtration
Askarian F 2018 17%

Study summary

Full title
All authors
Askarian F, Lapek JD, Dongre M, Tsai CM, Kumaraswamy M, Kousha A, Valderrama JA, Ludviksen JA, Cavanagh JP, Uchiyama S, Mollnes TE, Gonzalez DJ, Wai SN, Nizet V, Johannessen M
Journal
Front Microbiol
Abstract
produces membrane-derived vesicles (MVs), which share functional properties to outer membrane vesicl (show more...)produces membrane-derived vesicles (MVs), which share functional properties to outer membrane vesicles. Atomic force microscopy revealed that -derived MVs are associated with the bacterial surface or released into the surrounding environment depending on bacterial growth conditions. By using a comparative proteomic approach, a total of 131 and 617 proteins were identified in MVs isolated from grown in Luria-Bertani and brain-heart infusion broth, respectively. Purified MVs derived from the bacteria grown in either media induced comparable levels of cytotoxicity and neutrophil-activation. Administration of exogenous MVs increased the resistance of to killing by whole blood or purified human neutrophils and increased survival . Finally, immunization of mice with -derived MVs induced production of IgM, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b resulting in protection against subcutaneous and systemic infection. Collectively, our results suggest MVs can influence bacterial-host interactions during systemic infections and provide protective immunity in murine models of infection. (hide)
EV-METRIC
17% (54th percentile of all experiments on the same sample type)
 Reported
 Not reported
 Not applicable
EV-enriched proteins
Protein analysis: analysis of three or more EV-enriched proteins
non EV-enriched protein
Protein analysis: assessment of a non-EV-enriched protein
qualitative and quantitative analysis
Particle analysis: implementation of both qualitative and quantitative methods. For the quantitative method, the reporting of measured EV concentration is expected.
electron microscopy images
Particle analysis: inclusion of a widefield and close-up electron microscopy image
density gradient
Separation method: density gradient, at least as validation of results attributed to EVs
EV density
Separation method: reporting of obtained EV density
ultracentrifugation specifics
Separation method: reporting of g-forces, duration and rotor type of ultracentrifugation steps
antibody specifics
Protein analysis: antibody clone/reference number and dilution
lysate preparation
Protein analysis: lysis buffer composition
Study data
Sample type
Cell culture supernatant
Sample origin
Luria Bertani broth
Focus vesicles
MV (membrane-derived vesicle)
Separation protocol
Separation protocol
  • Gives a short, non-chronological overview of the
    different steps of the separation protocol.
    • dUC = (Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
    • DG = density gradient
    • UF = ultrafiltration
    • SEC = size-exclusion chromatography
    • IAF = immuno-affinity capture
(Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
Filtration
Protein markers
EV: None
non-EV: None
Proteomics
no
Show all info
Study aim
Function
Sample
Species
Staphylococcus aureus
Sample Type
Cell culture supernatant
EV-producing cells
USA300 MRSA
EV-harvesting Medium
Serum free medium
Separation Method
(Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
dUC: centrifugation steps
Between 800 g and 10,000 g
Between 100,000 g and 150,000 g
Pelleting performed
Yes
Pelleting: time(min)
180-240
Pelleting: rotor type
Type 45 Ti
Pelleting: speed (g)
100000
Wash: time (min)
180-240
Wash: speed (g)
100000
Filtration steps
0.22µm or 0.2µm
Characterization: Protein analysis
Protein Concentration Method
BCA
Characterization: Lipid analysis
No
Characterization: Particle analysis
DLS
Report type
Mean
Reported size (nm)
46.6 +- 5.9
EM
EM-type
Atomic force microscopy
Image type
Close-up
EV230850 4/6 Staphylococcus aureus USA300 MRSA (d)(U)C
Filtration
Askarian F 2018 17%

Study summary

Full title
All authors
Askarian F, Lapek JD, Dongre M, Tsai CM, Kumaraswamy M, Kousha A, Valderrama JA, Ludviksen JA, Cavanagh JP, Uchiyama S, Mollnes TE, Gonzalez DJ, Wai SN, Nizet V, Johannessen M
Journal
Front Microbiol
Abstract
produces membrane-derived vesicles (MVs), which share functional properties to outer membrane vesicl (show more...)produces membrane-derived vesicles (MVs), which share functional properties to outer membrane vesicles. Atomic force microscopy revealed that -derived MVs are associated with the bacterial surface or released into the surrounding environment depending on bacterial growth conditions. By using a comparative proteomic approach, a total of 131 and 617 proteins were identified in MVs isolated from grown in Luria-Bertani and brain-heart infusion broth, respectively. Purified MVs derived from the bacteria grown in either media induced comparable levels of cytotoxicity and neutrophil-activation. Administration of exogenous MVs increased the resistance of to killing by whole blood or purified human neutrophils and increased survival . Finally, immunization of mice with -derived MVs induced production of IgM, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b resulting in protection against subcutaneous and systemic infection. Collectively, our results suggest MVs can influence bacterial-host interactions during systemic infections and provide protective immunity in murine models of infection. (hide)
EV-METRIC
17% (54th percentile of all experiments on the same sample type)
 Reported
 Not reported
 Not applicable
EV-enriched proteins
Protein analysis: analysis of three or more EV-enriched proteins
non EV-enriched protein
Protein analysis: assessment of a non-EV-enriched protein
qualitative and quantitative analysis
Particle analysis: implementation of both qualitative and quantitative methods. For the quantitative method, the reporting of measured EV concentration is expected.
electron microscopy images
Particle analysis: inclusion of a widefield and close-up electron microscopy image
density gradient
Separation method: density gradient, at least as validation of results attributed to EVs
EV density
Separation method: reporting of obtained EV density
ultracentrifugation specifics
Separation method: reporting of g-forces, duration and rotor type of ultracentrifugation steps
antibody specifics
Protein analysis: antibody clone/reference number and dilution
lysate preparation
Protein analysis: lysis buffer composition
Study data
Sample type
Cell culture supernatant
Sample origin
Brain-heart infusion broth
Focus vesicles
MV (membrane-derived vesicle)
Separation protocol
Separation protocol
  • Gives a short, non-chronological overview of the
    different steps of the separation protocol.
    • dUC = (Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
    • DG = density gradient
    • UF = ultrafiltration
    • SEC = size-exclusion chromatography
    • IAF = immuno-affinity capture
(Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
Filtration
Protein markers
EV: None
non-EV: None
Proteomics
no
Show all info
Study aim
Function
Sample
Species
Staphylococcus aureus
Sample Type
Cell culture supernatant
EV-producing cells
USA300 MRSA
EV-harvesting Medium
Serum free medium
Separation Method
(Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
dUC: centrifugation steps
Between 800 g and 10,000 g
Between 100,000 g and 150,000 g
Pelleting performed
Yes
Pelleting: time(min)
180-240
Pelleting: rotor type
Type 45 Ti
Pelleting: speed (g)
100000
Wash: time (min)
180-240
Wash: speed (g)
100000
Filtration steps
0.22µm or 0.2µm
Characterization: Protein analysis
Protein Concentration Method
BCA
Characterization: Lipid analysis
No
Characterization: Particle analysis
DLS
Report type
Mean
Reported size (nm)
24.4 +- 2.8
EM
EM-type
Atomic force microscopy
Image type
Close-up
EV230850 5/6 Staphylococcus aureus USA300 MRSA delHla (d)(U)C
Filtration
Askarian F 2018 17%

Study summary

Full title
All authors
Askarian F, Lapek JD, Dongre M, Tsai CM, Kumaraswamy M, Kousha A, Valderrama JA, Ludviksen JA, Cavanagh JP, Uchiyama S, Mollnes TE, Gonzalez DJ, Wai SN, Nizet V, Johannessen M
Journal
Front Microbiol
Abstract
produces membrane-derived vesicles (MVs), which share functional properties to outer membrane vesicl (show more...)produces membrane-derived vesicles (MVs), which share functional properties to outer membrane vesicles. Atomic force microscopy revealed that -derived MVs are associated with the bacterial surface or released into the surrounding environment depending on bacterial growth conditions. By using a comparative proteomic approach, a total of 131 and 617 proteins were identified in MVs isolated from grown in Luria-Bertani and brain-heart infusion broth, respectively. Purified MVs derived from the bacteria grown in either media induced comparable levels of cytotoxicity and neutrophil-activation. Administration of exogenous MVs increased the resistance of to killing by whole blood or purified human neutrophils and increased survival . Finally, immunization of mice with -derived MVs induced production of IgM, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b resulting in protection against subcutaneous and systemic infection. Collectively, our results suggest MVs can influence bacterial-host interactions during systemic infections and provide protective immunity in murine models of infection. (hide)
EV-METRIC
17% (54th percentile of all experiments on the same sample type)
 Reported
 Not reported
 Not applicable
EV-enriched proteins
Protein analysis: analysis of three or more EV-enriched proteins
non EV-enriched protein
Protein analysis: assessment of a non-EV-enriched protein
qualitative and quantitative analysis
Particle analysis: implementation of both qualitative and quantitative methods. For the quantitative method, the reporting of measured EV concentration is expected.
electron microscopy images
Particle analysis: inclusion of a widefield and close-up electron microscopy image
density gradient
Separation method: density gradient, at least as validation of results attributed to EVs
EV density
Separation method: reporting of obtained EV density
ultracentrifugation specifics
Separation method: reporting of g-forces, duration and rotor type of ultracentrifugation steps
antibody specifics
Protein analysis: antibody clone/reference number and dilution
lysate preparation
Protein analysis: lysis buffer composition
Study data
Sample type
Cell culture supernatant
Sample origin
Luria Bertani broth
Focus vesicles
MV (membrane-derived vesicle)
Separation protocol
Separation protocol
  • Gives a short, non-chronological overview of the
    different steps of the separation protocol.
    • dUC = (Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
    • DG = density gradient
    • UF = ultrafiltration
    • SEC = size-exclusion chromatography
    • IAF = immuno-affinity capture
(Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
Filtration
Protein markers
EV: None
non-EV: None
Proteomics
no
Show all info
Study aim
Function
Sample
Species
Staphylococcus aureus
Sample Type
Cell culture supernatant
EV-producing cells
USA300 MRSA delHla
EV-harvesting Medium
Serum free medium
Separation Method
(Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
dUC: centrifugation steps
Between 800 g and 10,000 g
Between 100,000 g and 150,000 g
Pelleting performed
Yes
Pelleting: time(min)
180-240
Pelleting: rotor type
Type 45 Ti
Pelleting: speed (g)
100000
Wash: time (min)
180-240
Wash: speed (g)
100000
Filtration steps
0.22µm or 0.2µm
Characterization: Protein analysis
Protein Concentration Method
BCA
Characterization: Lipid analysis
No
Characterization: Particle analysis
DLS
Report type
Mean
Reported size (nm)
46.6 +- 5.9
EM
EM-type
Atomic force microscopy
Image type
Close-up
EV230850 6/6 Staphylococcus aureus USA300 MRSA delHla (d)(U)C
Filtration
Askarian F 2018 17%

Study summary

Full title
All authors
Askarian F, Lapek JD, Dongre M, Tsai CM, Kumaraswamy M, Kousha A, Valderrama JA, Ludviksen JA, Cavanagh JP, Uchiyama S, Mollnes TE, Gonzalez DJ, Wai SN, Nizet V, Johannessen M
Journal
Front Microbiol
Abstract
produces membrane-derived vesicles (MVs), which share functional properties to outer membrane vesicl (show more...)produces membrane-derived vesicles (MVs), which share functional properties to outer membrane vesicles. Atomic force microscopy revealed that -derived MVs are associated with the bacterial surface or released into the surrounding environment depending on bacterial growth conditions. By using a comparative proteomic approach, a total of 131 and 617 proteins were identified in MVs isolated from grown in Luria-Bertani and brain-heart infusion broth, respectively. Purified MVs derived from the bacteria grown in either media induced comparable levels of cytotoxicity and neutrophil-activation. Administration of exogenous MVs increased the resistance of to killing by whole blood or purified human neutrophils and increased survival . Finally, immunization of mice with -derived MVs induced production of IgM, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b resulting in protection against subcutaneous and systemic infection. Collectively, our results suggest MVs can influence bacterial-host interactions during systemic infections and provide protective immunity in murine models of infection. (hide)
EV-METRIC
17% (54th percentile of all experiments on the same sample type)
 Reported
 Not reported
 Not applicable
EV-enriched proteins
Protein analysis: analysis of three or more EV-enriched proteins
non EV-enriched protein
Protein analysis: assessment of a non-EV-enriched protein
qualitative and quantitative analysis
Particle analysis: implementation of both qualitative and quantitative methods. For the quantitative method, the reporting of measured EV concentration is expected.
electron microscopy images
Particle analysis: inclusion of a widefield and close-up electron microscopy image
density gradient
Separation method: density gradient, at least as validation of results attributed to EVs
EV density
Separation method: reporting of obtained EV density
ultracentrifugation specifics
Separation method: reporting of g-forces, duration and rotor type of ultracentrifugation steps
antibody specifics
Protein analysis: antibody clone/reference number and dilution
lysate preparation
Protein analysis: lysis buffer composition
Study data
Sample type
Cell culture supernatant
Sample origin
Brain-heart infusion broth
Focus vesicles
MV (membrane-derived vesicle)
Separation protocol
Separation protocol
  • Gives a short, non-chronological overview of the
    different steps of the separation protocol.
    • dUC = (Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
    • DG = density gradient
    • UF = ultrafiltration
    • SEC = size-exclusion chromatography
    • IAF = immuno-affinity capture
(Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
Filtration
Protein markers
EV: None
non-EV: None
Proteomics
no
Show all info
Study aim
Function
Sample
Species
Staphylococcus aureus
Sample Type
Cell culture supernatant
EV-producing cells
USA300 MRSA delHla
EV-harvesting Medium
Serum free medium
Separation Method
(Differential) (ultra)centrifugation
dUC: centrifugation steps
Between 800 g and 10,000 g
Between 100,000 g and 150,000 g
Pelleting performed
Yes
Pelleting: time(min)
180-240
Pelleting: rotor type
Type 45 Ti
Pelleting: speed (g)
100000
Wash: time (min)
180-240
Wash: speed (g)
100000
Filtration steps
0.22µm or 0.2µm
Characterization: Protein analysis
Protein Concentration Method
BCA
Characterization: Lipid analysis
No
Characterization: Particle analysis
DLS
Report type
Mean
Reported size (nm)
24.4 +- 2.8
EM
EM-type
Atomic force microscopy
Image type
Close-up
1 - 6 of 6
  • CM = Commercial method
  • dUC = differential ultracentrifugation
  • DG = density gradient
  • UF = ultrafiltration
  • SEC = size-exclusion chromatography
EV-TRACK ID
EV230850
species
Staphylococcus
aureus
sample type
Cell
culture
cell type
MSSA476
MSSA476
USA300
MRSA
USA300
MRSA
USA300
MRSA
delHla
USA300
MRSA
delHla
condition
Luria
Bertani
broth
Brain-heart
infusion
broth
Luria
Bertani
broth
Brain-heart
infusion
broth
Luria
Bertani
broth
Brain-heart
infusion
broth
separation protocol
dUC/
Density
gradient/
Filtration
dUC/
Density
gradient/
Filtration
dUC/
Filtration
dUC/
Filtration
dUC/
Filtration
dUC/
Filtration
Exp. nr.
1
2
3
4
5
6
EV-METRIC %
57
57
17
17
17
17